Other materials are often added to the iron-caron mixture to tailor the resulting properties.
NICKEL AND MANGANESE
When added in steel, it add to its tensile strength and make austenite more chemically stable.
CHROMIUM
It increases the hardness and melting temperature.
VANADIUM
It also increases the hardness while reducing the effects of metal fatigue.
CHROMIUM AND NICKEL
Lare amount of chromium and nickel (often 18% and 8% respectively) are added to stainless steel so that a hard oxide forms on the metal surface to inibit corrosion.
TUNGSTEN
Tungsten interferes with the formation of cementite, allowing martensite to form with slower quench rates, resulting in high speed steel.
On the other hand Sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorusmake steel more brittle , so these comonly found elements must be removed from the ore during processing.
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